Parties are invited to: a) based on the best available science, propose transboundary habitats of CMS-listed species, which could be considered as transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs), meaning an area or component of a large ecological region that straddles the boundaries of two or more countries and is within their national jurisdiction, which may encompass one or more protected areas, as well as multiple resource use areas; b) take steps to jointly develop with neighbouring Range States bi- or multilateral arrangements, including joint management plans, to improve the conservation of the habitats and species concerned; c) enable, in the development of such arrangements, the participation of local communities and stakeholders for the purposes of benefitting wildlife and the sustainable development of the communities living within a TFCA; and d) inform the Secretariat of any such areas proposed under paragraph (a)